施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

施氮量对农田土壤有机氮组分及酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨不同施氮量条件下土壤氮素转化酶活性和有机氮组分含量的变化规律,并分析氮素转化酶活性与各有机氮组分之间的关系,为陇中黄土高原旱作农业区合理制定施肥量和施肥方案提供参考依据。【方法】基于设置在陇中黄土高原定西市李家堡镇麻子川村的不同施氮量（0（CK）、52.5（N1）、105（N2）、157.5（N3）、210（N4）kg N·hm^-2）春小麦长期定位试验,收获后使用Bremner法测定0—40 cm土层中有机氮组分含量,以及4种氮素转化相关酶的活性。【结果】土壤有机氮组分分配比例顺序为氨基酸态氮>酸解铵态氮>酸解未知态氮>氨基糖态氮,同一土层随着施氮量的增加土壤有机碳、全氮、酸解总氮、氨基酸态氮、酸解铵态氮和脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性均呈先增大后降低的趋势,除全氮外其余都在N2处理时最大,全氮含量在N3处理时达到最大;同一处理不同土层间均随土层加深而降低。冗余分析结果表明,全氮含量和蛋白酶活性是影响陇中黄土高原农田有机氮组分分布与转化的关键因子;碳氮比与所有有机氮组分均呈负相关,蛋白酶、有机碳和脲酶与氨基酸态氮呈极显著正相关。【结论】综合而言,N2处理土壤供氮潜力最高,全氮和蛋白酶是影响该区春小麦土壤有机氮组分转化的关键因子。氮肥合理施用能明显提高土壤有机氮含量,不同施氮量条件下土壤有机氮组分变化差异明显,改变了氮素相关转化酶的活性。     

Soil carbon increases with long-term cattle stocking in northern temperate grasslands

Grassland management aimed at enhancing carbon (C) in soil is an important tool in mitigation of rising atmospheric CO₂, yet little is known of how grassland soil C changes with livestock stocking rate (SR). We relate soil organic and inorganic C mass (t ha⁻¹ to 60 cm depth) with cattle stocking over periods of 7–27 year for 32 paddocks distributed across nine community pastures in the mixed-grass prairie of Saskatchewan, Canada. Initial analysis comparing Akaike information criterion models showed that cattle SR explained a greater proportion of variance in soil C, particularly soil organic C, than rainfall. Soil organic C mass increased with cattle SR (R² = .293; p = .001), even when the latter was normalized to account for differences in vegetation composition and growing conditions among pastures. Normalized SR varied from 0.49 to 2.30 times recommended levels, over which SOC increased from 24.7 to 57.4 t ha⁻¹. Increases in soil organic C under greater stocking coincided with increased abundance of introduced vegetation, particularly the rhizomatous grass Poa pratensis. Inorganic soil C accounted for 34.6% of total soil C, being particularly large below 30 cm soil depth, but did not vary with stocking rate. These findings indicate that both organic and inorganic C are important pools of C in northern temperate grassland soils, with soil organic C positively associated with long-term cattle SR. Further studies are recommended to understand more fully the mechanisms regulating grazing impacts on soil C mass in northern temperate grasslands.     

生物炭对黑土区土壤水分扩散与溶质弥散持续效应研究

为探究施用生物炭对黑土区坡耕地土壤水分扩散和溶质弥散的持续效应，于2016—2019年在1.5°、3°、5°的径流小区开展了生物炭持续效应试验，分析了单次施加生物炭对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、Boltzmann变换参数ξ、非饱和土壤水分扩散率D(θ)、非饱和土壤水动力弥散系数Dsh(θ)的持续作用。结果表明：土壤中单次添加生物炭后的4年内均可显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、增加土壤中有机质含量，且各指标变化率均随坡度增大、施炭年限延长而减小；坡度、年份、是否施用生物炭3个因素中，对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量影响程度最大的均为是否施用生物炭；施用生物炭增大了ξ，且ξ随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长逐年减小。2016—2019年D(θ)与Dsh(θ)均随土壤含水率的增加而迅速增加。当土壤含水率小于等于042cm3/cm3时，生物炭抑制土壤水分扩散；当土壤含水率大于0.42cm3/cm3时，生物炭促进土壤水分扩散。当土壤含水率小于等于0.36cm3/cm3时，生物炭抑制土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散；当土壤含水率大于0.36cm3/cm3时，生物炭可以促进土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散。试验区θ处于0.20~0.35cm3/cm3，故施用生物炭对水分扩散、NaCl溶液弥散均具有抑制效果，且生物炭对水分扩散和溶液弥散抑制效果均随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长而减弱。     

水分胁迫对不同抗旱型玉米自交系苗期生长的影响

通过水分胁迫处理对不同抗旱型玉米自交系苗期的影响研究,为抗旱育种选择自交系提供选择参考。采用人工控水的方法,研究干旱胁迫对夏玉米抗旱型和对敏感型自交系苗期株高、地上部和地下部分干重、叶面积、比叶重、叶绿素和净光合速等的影响。结果表明：不同抗旱型自交系苗期对水分胁迫的响应不同。抗旱玉米自交系从5叶期开始在干旱胁迫期间的株高、地上部和地下部分干重、叶面积、叶绿素和净光合速率等指标均高于对水分敏感的玉米自交系,且比叶重相对稳定。这表明干旱条件下,抗旱型自交系较普通自交系在苗期能够表现出更好的适应性,本研究对加强抗旱自交系的筛选和选育,进一步提高耐旱节水玉米新品种选择效率具有一定参考价值。     

Pharmacokinetics of xylazine after 2-, 4-, and 6-hr durations of continuous rate infusions in horses

Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of xylazine (XYL) (0.5 mg/kg) immediately followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1 mg kg⁻¹ hr⁻¹ for 2, 4, and 6 hr produced immediate sedation, which lasted throughout the duration of the CRI. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased significantly (p > .05) in all horses during the first 15 min of infusion, both returned to and then remained at baseline during the duration of the infusion. Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of XYL administration. Plasma concentration–time curves following bolus and CRI were best described by a one-compartment model. No differences were found between pharmacokinetic estimates of the CRIs for the fractional elimination rate constant (K_e), half-life (t_1/2e), volume of distribution (V_d), and clearance (Cl). Median and range were 0.42 (0.15–0.97)/hr, 1.68 (0.87–4.52) hr, 5.85 (2.10–19.34) L/kg, and 28.7 (19.6–39.5) ml min⁻¹ kg⁻¹, respectively. Significant differences were seen for area under the curve ( ) (p < .0002) and maximum concentration (C_max) (p < .04). This indicates that with increasing duration of infusion, XYL may not accumulate in a clinically relevant way and hence no adjustments are required in a longer XYL CRI to maintain a constant level of sedation and a rapid recovery.     

不同质地黑土净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律研究

为探讨黑龙江省半干旱地区不同质地黑土的净氮转化速率和温室气体排放规律,以壤砂土和粉壤土为研究对象开展室内培养试验,对土壤净硝化速率和净矿化速率、N2O和CO2排放速率与累积排放量进行研究。结果表明:7d培养期间壤砂土的平均净矿化速率和CO2平均排放速率分别为0.49mgN kg-1 d-1和0.30mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的平均净矿化速率(1.37 mgN kg-1 d-1)和CO2平均排放速率(0.47mgCO2-C kg-1 h-1)。壤砂土的平均净硝化速率和N2O平均排放速率分别为1.65mgN kg-1 d-1和212.6ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1,显著低于粉壤土的5.02mgN kg-1 d-1和521.3ngN2O-N kg-1 h-1。壤砂土和粉壤土的N2O排放比率分别为0.081%~0.301%和0.210%~0.254%。研究表明,土壤质地显著影响土壤净氮转化速率和温室气体排放,壤砂土较低的pH、有机碳和水溶性有机碳含量是导致其净硝化速率、净矿化速率以及N2O、CO2排放速率显著低于粉壤土的主要原因。     

依据显微结构及光合特性探讨蝴蝶兰花芽分化的时期

以蝴蝶兰‘大辣椒’为试验材料，对花芽分化进程及期间光合特性和碳水化合物、可溶性蛋白及激素含量的变化进行研究。结果表明：花芽长度为0、2、4、8、16和24 cm时，分别处于花芽分化初始期、花序原基分化期、花原基分化期、萼片原基分化期和花瓣原基分化期（16和24 cm）。蝴蝶兰叶片的净CO2吸收速率在花芽发育前期（0 ~ 4 cm）没有显著变化，花芽8 cm时显著降低。花芽中的碳水化合物和可溶性蛋白的含量显著高于叶片，碳水化合物在花芽长度为4 cm时达到稳定水平，可溶性蛋白含量在花芽8 cm时达到叶片与花芽的平衡；赤霉素（GA）的含量在花芽2 cm时达到最大值，生长素（IAA）含量在花芽4 cm时显著升高，玉米素（ZT）含量在花芽8 cm时显著降低，而ABA含量在花芽发育的过程中并没有显著变化。由此可知，当蝴蝶兰花芽开始分化萼片原基（8 cm）时，光合生理及生化物质基本达到一个相对稳定的水平，此阶段的蝴蝶兰花芽已彻底完成成花分化。     

DMAIC方法在提高汽车起重机钢丝绳质量中的应用

钢丝绳是汽车起重机的重要零部件之一,对吊装作业的安全性起着关键的作用。通过实施DMAIC方法可降低产品故障的市场反馈率,提高客户满意度。文章首先对钢丝绳质量故障进行定义,明确改善目标;其次利用SIPOC流程分析钢丝绳生产过程,分析影响钢丝绳质量的关键因子并加以改进;最后对改善效果进行验证,固化改进成果。     

Quantifying key model parameters for wheat leaf gas exchange under different environmental conditions

The maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco(V_(cmax)) and maximum rate of electron transport(J_(max)) for the biochemical photosynthetic model, and the slope(m) of the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model influence gas exchange estimates between plants and the atmosphere. However, there is limited data on the variation of these three parameters for annual crops under different environmental conditions. Gas exchange measurements of light and CO_2 response curves on leaves of winter wheat and spring wheat were conducted during the wheat growing season under different environmental conditions. There were no significant differences for V_(cmax), J_(max) or m between the two wheat types. The seasonal variation of V_(cmax), J_(max) and m for spring wheat was not pronounced, except a rapid decrease for V_(cmax) and J_(max) at the end of growing season. V_(cmax) and J_(max) show no significant changes during soil drying until light saturated stomatal conductance(gssat) was smaller than 0.15 mol m~(–2) s~(–1). Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in m during two different water supply conditions separated by gssat at 0.15 mol m~(–2) s~(–1). Furthermore, the misestimation of V_(cmax) and J_(max) had great impacts on the net photosynthesis rate simulation, whereas, the underestimation of m resulted in underestimated stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and an overestimation of water use efficiency. Our work demonstrates that the impact of severe environmental conditions and specific growing stages on the variation of key model parameters should be taken into account for simulating gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Meanwhile, modification of m and V_(cmax)(and J_(max)) successively based on water stress severity might be adopted to simulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere under drought.